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Maryanne Amacher (February 25, 1938〔Allan Kozinn, "(Maryanne Amacher, 71, Visceral Composer, Dies )", ''The New York Times'', 2009 Oct. 28.〕〔Note, while most sources state Amacher's birth year as 1938, she had in later years used the birth year 1943.〕 – October 22, 2009) was an American composer and installation artist. She is known for working extensively with a family of psychoacoustic phenomena called auditory distortion products (also known as (distortion product otoacoustic emissions ) and combination tones), in which the ears themselves produce audible sound. ==Biography== Amacher was born in Kane, Pennsylvania,〔 to an American nurse and a Swiss freight train worker. As the only child, she grew up playing the piano. Amacher left Kane to attend the University of Pennsylvania on a full scholarship where she received a B.F.A in 1964.〔 While there she studied composition with George Rochberg〔 and Karlheinz Stockhausen. Subsequently, she did graduate work in acoustics and computer science at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. While in residence at the University of Buffalo, in 1967, she created ''City Links: Buffalo'', a 28-hour piece using 5 microphones in different parts of the city, broadcast live by radio station WBFO. There were 21 other pieces in the "City Links" series, and more information can be found in the brochure for an exhibition on the series by Ludlow 38 in NYC (available on their website). A common feature was the use of dedicated, FM radio quality telephone (0–15,000 Hz range) lines to connect the sound environments of different sites into the same space, a very early example of what is now called "telematic performance" and preceded much more famous examples of this by Max Neuhaus and others. Neuhaus was involved with the original 1967 work in Buffalo. Her major pieces have almost exclusively been site specific,〔 often using many loudspeakers to create what she called "structure borne sound", which is a differentiation with "airborne sound", the paradox intentional. By using many diffuse sound sources (either not in the space or speakers facing at the walls or floors) she would create the psychoacoustic illusions of sound shapes or "presence". Amacher's early work is best represented in the three series of multimedia installations produced in the United States, Europe, and Japan: the sonic telepresence series, "CITY LINKS" 1–22 (1967– ); the architecturally staged "MUSIC FOR SOUND JOINED ROOMS" (1980– ) and the "MINI-SOUND SERIES" (1985– ) a new multimedia form which she created, that is unique in its use of architecture and serialized narrative. Amacher worked extensively with a set of psychoacoustic phenomena known as 'auditory distortion products';〔Gary Kendall, Christopher Haworth, and Rodrigo Cádiz, "(Sound Synthesis with Auditory Distortion Products )", ''Computer Music Journal'' 38 no. 4 (2014 Winter): 5–23 .〕 put simply: sounds generated inside the ear that are clearly audible to the hearer. These tones have a long history in music theory and scientific research, and are still the object of disagreement and debate. In music, they are most commonly known by the name of 'combination tones','difference tones', and sometimes 'Tartini tones' (after the violinist Giuseppe Tartini, who is credited with discovering them). Amacher herself termed them 'ear tones', until in 1992 she discovered the work of David T. Kemp and Thomas Gold, and began referring to them by the psychoacoustical terminology of 'otoacoustic emissions'.〔〕 It has since become clear that some of the sounds Amacher, and indeed all musicians who have exploited this phenomena, were generating can be attributed to a particular family of otoacoustic emissions known as 'distortion product otoacoustic emissions' (DPOAE).〔Christopher Haworth, "(Composing with Absent Sound )", in ''Proceedings of the International Computer Music Conference 2011, University of Huddersfield, UK, 31 July – 5 August 2011'', edited by Monty Adkins and Ben Isaacs, 342–45 (San Francisco: International Computer Music Association; Huddersfield: Centre for Research in New Music, University of Huddersfield, 2011). ISBN 9780984527403.〕 Occurring in response to two pure tones presented simultaneously to the ear, these tones appear to localise in or around the head, as though there were a 'tiny loudspeaker inside the ear'.〔 Amacher was the first to systematically explore the musical use of these phenomena using electroacoustic sound technologies. The subtitle of her first Tzadik Records album ''Sound Characters (Making the Third Ear)'' is a reference to them. She describes the subjective experience of these phenomena in the following passage: Over the years she received several major commissions in the United States and Europe with occasional work in Asia and Central and South America. Amacher received a 1998 Foundation for Contemporary Arts Grants to Artists Award. In 2005, she was awarded the Prix Ars Electronica (the Golden Nica) in the "Digital Musics" category for her project ''"TEO! A sonic sculpture"''. At the time of her death she had been working three years on a 40-channel piece commissioned by the Experimental Media and Performing Arts Center in Troy, New York. For the last decade of her life she taught at the Bard College MFA program. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Maryanne Amacher」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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